" (...) "a French political movement during World War II led by Charles de Gaulle in opposition to the Vichy regime or a postwar French political movement led by Charles de Gaulle established offically in 1943”. The successors of the Gaullism ideas, who are called Gaullists mention the need for a strong economy and a stable society. They also take into account the idea of national interests, which mainly relates to the paradigm of realism. Realists more elaborate on the power

"A shelf company is a company that is already registered but has never traded or conducted business and holds no assets or liabilities. Essentially, the company is registered to sit on a ‘shelf’, waiting for someone to buy it. Buying a shelf company used to be the best way to quickly acquire a company without going through the time-consuming procedure of registering a new one. This article explains what shelf companies are, how they work, and why they are progressively becomi

"A military agreement suspending active hostilities between the belligerents. An armistice can be local (i.e., suspend operations in just one area) or general (i.e., suspend all operations). If the duration of the armistice is not defined, the belligerent Parties may resume operations at any time, subject to previous warning in accordance with the terms of the armistice. An armistice does not put an end to the state of war, which subsists with all its legal consequences. In c

"Democratic backsliding is a gradual process that occurs when democratically elected officials—particularly executives—intentionally weaken or dismantle core democratic institutions. These include the constitution, rule of law, civil and minority rights, the independence of the judiciary and the media, the separation of powers within government, and the competitiveness of elections. While the starting point for any case of backsliding is a democracy, the outcome is either an

"Marine war risk insurance provides protection against risks arising from war, conflict, terrorism, and piracy. It is a vital extension to standard marine insurance, especially for operators navigating high-risk or politically unstable regions. This type of insurance can apply to all types of marine operations—from single-vessel owners to large international fleets—and covers a wide range of vessels. (...) The Joint War Committee (JWC), a body of Lloyd’s and IUA underwriters,

An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an alternative energy resource. While the competitive nature of retail supermarkets allows some of the effects of agflation to be absorbed, the price increases that agflation causes are largely passed on to the end consumer. The term is derived from a combination of the words "agriculture" and "inflation". Source: https://www.unescwa.org/sd-glossary/agflation

"Gunboat diplomacy is difficult to define – a concept familiar to many yet amorphous in nature it defies a simple a priori definition. However, James Cable describes it as "the use or threat of limited naval force, otherwise than as an act of war, in order to secure advantage or to avert loss, either in furtherance of an international dispute or else against foreign nationals within the territory or the jurisdiction of their own state". Thus gunboat diplomacy is a form of coe

"I define proxy war as directing the use of force by a politically motivated, local actor to indirectly influence political affairs in the target state. (...) The term proxy war carries a lot of baggage. During the Cold War, the use of proxies allowed states to be far more adventurous in their efforts to influence world events and gain an advantage over their rivals. Small states on the periphery were often viewed as pawns in a much greater game, allowing the United States an

"NATO doctrine defines counterinsurgency as comprehensive civilian and military efforts made to defeat an insurgency and to address any core grievances. Insurgents seek to compel or coerce political change on those in power, often through the use or threat of force by irregular forces, groups, or individuals. Counterinsurgents must not only develop short-term solutions to provide security for the targeted population and change disruptive behaviours, they must also determine t

"In the original sense of the term, Dutch disease refers to a situation in which an extra wealth from an export boom - such as a discovery of major resource deposits—leads to a contraction of other tradable activities by giving rise to a real appreciation of the home currency. Although Dutch disease is generally associated with mineral resources, the analytical framework of Dutch disease is equally applicable to a wealth increase that results from large inflows of foreign cur

A system of "alliances [in which] in one policy domain will not axiomatically carry over into others, as bipolarity presumes. The borders between domains are now porous rather than largely closed as they were during the Cold War. Fuzzy bifurcation, not bipolarity, presages a messy world in which the notion of a liberal order is but a distant memory. (...) State and major nonstate actors will not always bandwagon in their relationships with the two great powers. They will also

"A reserve currency is a globally recognized currency held in large quantities by a central bank as part of its foreign exchange reserves. It is widely used to conduct international trade and financial transactions, including investments and debt obligations, eliminating the costs of settling transactions involving different currencies. The U.S. dollar has been the world’s dominant reserve currency since World War II, often functioning as a safe-haven currency during times of

"The term “bond vigilantes” refers to investors who discipline excessive government spending by demanding higher sovereign debt yields. Since the 1980s, when strategist Ed Yardeni coined the term, episodes of fiscal excess regularly give rise to questions about when these vigilantes might turn up." Source: https://www.pimco.com/eu/en/insights/thoughts-from-the-bond-vigilantes

"[Soft balancing] occurs when states generally develop ententes or limited security understandings with one another to balance a potentially threatening state or a rising power. Soft balancing is often based on a limited arms build-up, ad hoc cooperative exercises, or collaboration in regional or international institutions; these policies may be converted to open, hard-balancing strategies if and when security competition becomes intense and the powerful state becomes threate

"Essentially friendshoring refers to the rerouting of supply chains to countries perceived as politically and economically safe or low-risk, to avoid disruption to the flow of business. The practice has stoked concern within the international community about the possibility of further geo-political fragmentation and deglobalization of the world’s economy – the decline of interdependence between nations, global institutions and enterprises. The US government, for example, has

"Pan-Africanism can be broadly defined as the intellectual foundation of a desire for unity of Africans in the diaspora, a regional push for African unity, a global movement intended to unite Africa and its people against European hegemony, and the general liberation of the people of Africa and those of African descent. Pan-Africanism aims to achieve four primary objectives. The first is the political unity of Africa that aims to bring the states of Africa under a unified pol

" (...) Is a process in which the political regime, that previously was democratic but went through a change to an authoritarian or semi-authoritarian one, returns to democracy." Source: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/chile-under-the-government-of-sebastin-piera/41258

"The art of getting to the brink of war without precipitating one. It is associated with the American Secretary of State during much of the 1950s, John Foster Dulles (1888–1959). The most serious case of twentieth-century brinkmanship was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, in which the parties came eyeball-to-eyeball." Source: https://kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/kitaplar/___adictionaryofdiplomacy.pdf

"Term derived from French word diriger (to direct) referring to the control of economic activity by the state. Intervention may take the form of legal requirements, financial incentives and penalties, nationalization, or comprehensive economic planning, though with an underlying commitment to private ownership." Source: https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199670840.001.0001/acref-9780199670840-e-361

Minilateralism has become the popular modus operandi of 21st-century international relations among states. As a concept, minilateralism is quite fluid. It indicates a grouping of a small number of like-minded states pursuing mutual goals. It is considered a nimble and more targeted approach than multilateralism where “the smallest possible number of countries needed to have the largest possible impact on solving a particular problem.” In contrast to the traditional multilater