Co-financing requires that part of the funding for a project comes from sources other than the EU, such as national, regional or private funds. One of the reasons is that co-financing should leverage additional financial resources and thereby increase the total amount available for projects. Moreover, by requiring beneficiaries to contribute own funds, the co-financing principle aims to ensure greater ownership and to encourage efficient planning and cost management. Source:.

"A Protectorate, or protected state when referring to a territory subject to this arrangement, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity. The protectorate retains formal sovereignty and remains a state under international law, but in exchange for this, they usually accept specified obligations that vary depending on the nature of their relationship." Source: https://diplomacy.state.gov/encyclo

"The terms ‘extraterritoriality’ and ‘extraterritorial jurisdiction’ refer to the competence of a State to make, apply and enforce rules of conduct in respect of persons, property or events beyond its territory. Such competence may be exercised by way of prescription, adjudication or enforcement. Prescriptive jurisdiction refers to a State’s authority to lay down legal norms. Adjudicative jurisdiction refers to a State’s authority to decide competing claims. Enforcement juris

Energy autarky (...) is   conceptualized as a situation in which the energy services used for sustaining local consumption, local production   and the export of goods and services are derived from locally renewable energy   resources. Technically, the implementation of higher degrees of energy autarky rests on increasing energy efficiency, realizing   the potential of renewable energy resources and relying on a decentralized energy system. Practically, a transition towards reg

"Incoterms are a series of contractual provisions developed for the international trade in goods. They serve to standardize and expedite trade between companies in different countries. The Incoterms are recognized worldwide and are recommended by international organizations (UNCITRAL, UNECE, etc.), but do not have the status of a formal UN agreement. They are used to determine which party is responsible for the costs of transportation and insurance. Incoterms are components o

" Autarky is the term used to describe a country or economy that operates independently. Autarky, in its most basic sense, means “self-sufficient,” though it’s almost always used in correlation with a political or economic system, mean ing that the entity – whatever it is – can operate and exist free of outside influence, support, or trade." Source: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/autarky/

"The space economy encompasses all activities and resources that contribute to human progress through the exploration, research, understanding, management, and utilisation of space. The sector provides critical infrastructure on Earth, contributes fundamental scientific data for decision-making, and supports societal well-being. But challenges abound from the sustainability of the current use of space and the threat posed by space debris, to ethical implications of space expl

"In an attempt to arrive at a comprehensible definition, we will use the term extractivism to refer to those activities which remove large quantities of natural resources that are not processed (or processed only to a limited degree), especially for export. Extractivism is not limited to minerals or oil. Extractivism is also present in farming, forestry and even fishing." Source: https://www.tni.org/files/download/beyonddevelopment_extractivism.pdf

The concept of the polycrisis refers to a state where multiple crises intertwine, their causes and processes inextricably bound together to create compounded effects. The word polycrisis was popularised by Columbia University academic Adam Tooze, and in early 2023 the World Economic Forum followed suit by warning in its annual Global Risks Report that the world was on the brink of a polycrisis in relation to “shortages in natural resources such as food, water, and metals and

D é tente refers to the process of thawing of relations between the United States and Russia between the late 1960s and early 1970s by resuming arms talks following events that had brought states to the brink of nuclear war. (...) In practical terms, détente led to formal agreements on arms control and the security of Europe. A clear sign that a détente was emerging was found in the signing of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in 1968. (...) The breakdown of détente in the

In a regulatory context, the term can best be understood as legally deconstructing a firm in order to more optimally reallocate and reduce risk. So utilized, ring-fencing can help to protect public-benefit activities performed by private-sector firms, as well as to mitigate systemic risk and the too-big-to-fail problem inherent in large financial institutions. If not structured carefully, however, ring-fencing can inadvertently undermine efficiency and externalize costs. Sour

Geopolitical swing states are critical to the world economy and balance of power, but they don’t have the capacity by themselves to drive the global agenda, at least for now. However, as long as the tensions between the U.S. and China continue to get worse, they will have outsized abilities to navigate geopolitical competition and take advantage of and influence it. They know this and are consciously using that newfound power to shape the world order to more effectively serve

The “Silicon Shield” theory suggests that Taiwan’s role in the global semiconductor supply chain acts as a deterrent against China’s aggression. The other side of the coin is the deep interdependence of all parties within the supply chain. The idea is simple: If Taiwan’s chip production were disrupted, the global economy would face catastrophic consequences. Such a disruption would force international powers, particularly the United States, to intervene to protect this vital

Throughout the Western Hemisphere, states have experimented with many types of security policies; however, one stands out for its political popularity and the frequency with which it is employed - mano dura. Mano dura is defined by experts Lucía Dammert et al. as the stringent, hardline policies implemented by several Latin American governments to combat rampant gang violence and criminal activity. These strategies typically involve ramping up police and military presence, em

The classic literature distinguishes between two fundamental approaches to deterrence. Deterrence by denial strategies seek to deter an action by making it infeasible or unlikely to succeed, thus denying a potential aggressor confidence in attaining its objectives—deploying sufficient local military forces to defeat an invasion, for example. At their extreme, these strategies can confront a potential aggressor with the risk of catastrophic loss. Deterrence by denial represent

In this connective logic, taking public action or contributing to a common good becomes an act of personal expression and recognition or self-validation achieved by sharing ideas and actions in trusted relationships. Sometimes the people in these exchanges may be on opposite ends of the world, but they do not require a club, a party or a shared ideological frame to make the connection. [...] The linchpins of connective action are the formative elements of sharing and co-produ

The term “fire sale” has been around since the nineteenth century to describe firms selling smoke-damaged merchandise at cut-rate prices in the aftermath of a fire. But what are fire sales in broad financial markets with hundreds of participants? How can fire sales matter for generic goods, such as airplanes or financial securities? In modern financial research, the term “fire sale” has acquired a different meaning. [...] a fire sale is essentially a forced sale of an asset a

Weaponized interdependence (WI) is defined as a condition under which an actor can exploit its position in an embedded network to gain a bargaining advantage over others in a contained system. In their 2019 International Security paper, Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman argue that WI challenges long-standing ways that international relations experts think about globalization. States with political authority over central economic nodes “can weaponize networks to gather informat

The youth bulge is a common phenomenon in many developing countries, and in particular, in the least developed countries. It is often due to a stage of development where a country achieves success in reducing infant mortality but mothers still have a high fertility rate. The result is that a large share of the population is comprised of children and young adults, and today’s children are tomorrow’s young adults. In a country with a youth bulge, as the young adults enter the

In public discourse and commentary, terms such as entrapment, entanglement, roping in, and chain-ganging are often used interchangeably....